20(S)-protopanaxatriol, one of ginsenoside metabolites, inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide

Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng are metabolized by human intestinal bacteria after oral administration of ginseng extract. 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol (PPT) is one of the major metabolites of ginsenosides. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are important enzymes that mediate inflammatory processes. Improper up-regulation of iNOS and/or COX-2 has been associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and certain types of human cancers. Here, we investigated whether PPT could modulate NOS and COX-2 expressions in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that PPT blocked the increase in LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expressions through inactivation of nuclear factor-kappaB by preventing I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation. Thus, it may be possible to develop PPT as a useful agent for chemoprevention of cancer or inflammatory diseases. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.