New techniques in stereotaxic surgery and anesthesia in the mouse

Mice are used in increasing numbers in neuroscience research. This increase is linked to the availability of numerous pure genetic lines and the advent of transgenic animals. Many neuroscience techniques can be used in the mouse with success, including stereotaxic placement of cannulae and electrodes. With the recent publication of a mouse brain atlas by Franklin and Paxinos and improvements in surgical procedures for the mouse, stereotaxic surgery in mice can be performed routinely and with accuracy. In the present article, we describe techniques and apparatuses for the surgical implantation of cannulae in the mouse brain. We also present new developments in anesthesia, pain management, and postoperative care that improve survival and recover) times of mice. Using these new techniques, we have gained shorter training time for students, lower mortality rates following surgery, and faster recovery. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc.