Shunting versus inactivation: Analysis of presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms in primary afferents of the crayfish

Primary afferent depolarizations (PADs) are associated with presynaptic inhibition in both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the present study, we have used both anatomical and electrophysiological techniques to analyze the relative importance of shunting mechanisms versus sodium channel inactivation in mediating the decrease of action potential amplitude, and thereby presynaptic inhibition. Experiments were performed in sensory afferents of a stretch receptor in an in vitro preparation of the crayfish. Lucifer yellow intracellular labeling of sensory axons combined with GABA immunohistochemistry revealed close appositions between GABA-immunoreactive (ir) fibers and sensory axons. Most contacts were located on the main axon at the entry rone of the ganglion, close to the first branching point within the ganglion. By comparison, the output synapses of sensory afferents to target neurons were located on distal branches. The location of synaptic inputs mediating spontaneous PADs was also determined electrophysiologically by making dual intracellular recordings from single sensory axons. Inputs generating PADs appear to occur around the first axonal branching point, in agreement with the anatomical data. In this region, small PADs (3-15 mV) produced a marked reduction of action potential amplitude, whereas depolarization of the membrane potential by current injection up to 15 mV had no effect. These results suggest that the decrease of the amplitude of action potentials by single PADs results from a shunting mechanism but does not seem to involve inactivation of sodium channels. Our results also suggest that GABAergic presynaptic inhibition may act as a global control mechanism to block transmission through certain reflex pathways.