The immune system and major depression

This paper reviews research literature on the links between human immune functioning and mood disorders. It summarizes the initial steps of this fledgling research area since its inception in the late 1970s, and outlines a range of studies that are needed to increase our neuroimmunological sophistication. Future investigations will require greater specificity in several interrelated realms of inquiry: diagnostic, epidemiologic, and physiologic. In particular, this paper highlights basic physiological studies needed in both neurophysiology and immunology to provide a foundation for meaningful examination of their interface. Among the areas that require more specific investigation in both immunologic and mood disorders research is that of temporal organization. Just as psychiatric researchers have begun to scrutinize temporal cycles of mood, behavior, and neurophysiology, so too exploration of immune functioning must take into account predictable temporal cycles such as circadian and ultradian rhythms, as they shape responses to unanticipated external perturbations. Clarification of the temporal dimension will add significantly to our analysis of the links between immune functioning and mood disorders. The basic science of psychoneuroimmunology continues to mature, bringing new discoveries and revealing hitherto unknown mechanisms and interactions. This is a field of study in many ways still on the frontier, and explication of the long suspected links between mood disorders and immune functioning continues to beckon. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd