Pyridoneimines and pyridonemethides: Substituent- and solvent-tunable intramolecular charge transfer and geometric isomerism

We have prepared and fully characterized by means of multinuclear NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy a series of pyridoneimines and pyridonemethides in order to show how it is possible to finely tune pi -electron structure properties by properly exploiting substituent and solvent effects. Substituents with different electron-withdrawing capacities were introduced in pyridoneimines 2-4, pyridonemethides 5 and 6, and pyridine sulfonamido derivatives 7-9. The anisochrony of the carbon position of the azinium ring (geometric isomerism) and the exploitation of previously reported C-13 and N-15 shift/pi -electron density relationships allowed the investigation of the extent of intramolecular charge transfer from the donor group to the acceptor pyridinium moiety. By combining different substitutions with the polarity of the surrounding media, we were able to access a whole range of push-pull electron structures in solution, from fully aromatic-zwitterionic to quinoid-neutral, through many possible intermediate situations along the path. Due to the strict correlation between the pi -electron structure of push-pull derivatives and many photonic properties such as nonlinear optical activity, we believe that the achieved results should be valuable for the development of new efficient, tailor-made, heteroaromatic systems with optimized features as advanced organic materials.