Inhibition of luciferase expression by synthetic hammerhead ribozymes and their cellular uptake

Two synthetic hammerhead ribozymes, one unmodified and the other with 2'-modifications and four phosphorothioate groups, targeting a single GUA site in the luciferase mRNA, were compared for their inhibition of gene expression in cell culture and their cellular uptake was also analysed. A HeLa X1/5 cell line stably expressing luciferase, under an inducible promoter, was treated with these ribozymes by liposome-mediated transfection to determine their activity. Luciferase expression in cells was inhibited to similar to 50% with little difference between the unmodified and the 2'-modified ribozyme, A similar degree of inhibition was observed with two catalytically inactive ribozymes, indicating that inhibition was mainly due to an anti-sense effect, A ribozyme carrying a cholesterol moiety, applied to the cells without carrier, showed no inhibition, Northern blotting indicated a similar amount of cellular uptake of all ribozymes, The unmodified ribozyme was essentially evenly distributed between cytoplasm and nucleus, whereas a higher proportion of the phosphorothioate-containing ribozyme was observed in the nucleus. Fluorescence microscopy, including confocal microscopy using 5'-fluorescein-labelled ribozymes, showed that the unmodified and 2'-modified ribozymes were present in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus to a similar extent, whereas the fluorescence of the phosphorothioate-containing ribozyme was much stronger in the nucleus. Both ribozymes inhibited luciferase expression to a comparable degree, suggesting that the ribozyme in the nucleus did not contribute significantly to the inhibition. Ribozymes with a cholesterol moiety were predominantly trapped in the cell membrane, explaining their inability to interfere with gene expression.