Extraperitoneal laparoscopy: Anatomical dissections with experimental balloon dilators

Objectives To develop balloon dilators in vitro and in cadavers and to evaluate the anatomy of the extraperitoneal spaces and their surroundings created by such balloons. Materials and methods Balloons of three different materials (condoms, fingers of surgical gloves, whole surgical gloves and 'party' balloons) were tested in an in vitro study and compared with a prototype balloon dilator used in cadavers. The balloon dilators were used to create extraperitoneal spaces in the pelvic, the loin and the iliac regions through stab incisions, The incisions were extended after dilatation to examine the spaces created and the consequent anatomical changes. Results In vitro, all balloons were found to have capacities of more than 10 L, except that made from the finger of a surgical glove. Early rupture after insertion and during dilatation was a problem in condom and party balloons. In cadavers. there was good exposure of anatomical structures within the extraperitoneal spaces created. Reflections of peritoneum in the loin and the iliac regions were unmoved by balloon dilatation. Conclusions The prototype balloon dilator possessed all the characteristics desired of an ideal instrument for creating extraperitoneal spaces. Good exposure of anatomical structures by the balloon dilators allows a minimal dissection in extraperitoneal laparoscopic procedures in the aforementioned regions. That the peritoneal reflection was unmoved despite adequate expansion of the balloons also means that the exact placement of secondary laparoscopic ports is crucial in preventing peritoneal and colonic trauma.