A randomised controlled trial of the effects of albendazole in pregnancy on maternal responses to mycobacterial antigens and infant responses to bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunisation [ISRCTN32849447]

Background: Maternal schistosomiasis and filariasis have been shown to influence infant responses to neonatal bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunisation but the effects of maternal hookworm, and of de-worming in pregnancy, are unknown. Methods: In Entebbe, Uganda, we conducted a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a single dose of 400 mg of albendazole in the second trimester of pregnancy. Neonates received BCG. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-5 responses to a mycobacterial antigen (crude culture filtrate proteins (CFP) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis) were measured in a whole blood assay. We analysed results for binary variables using chi(2) tests and logistic regression. We analysed continuous variables using Wilcoxon's tests. Results: Maternal hookworm was associated with reduced maternal IFN-gamma responses to CFP (adjusted odds ratio for IFN-gamma > median response: 0.14 (95% confidence interval 0.02-0.83, p = 0.021). Conversely, maternal hookworm was associated with subsequent increased IFN-gamma responses in their one-year-old infants (adjusted OR 17.65 (1.20-258.66; p = 0.013)). Maternal albendazole tended to reduce these effects. Conclusion: Untreated hookworm infection in pregnancy was associated with reduced maternal IFN-gamma responses to mycobacterial antigens, but increased responses in their infants one year after BCG immunisation. The mechanisms of these effects, and their implications for protective immunity remain, to be determined.