On the evolution of stars that form electron-degenerate cores processed by carbon burning.: V.: Shell convection sustained by helium burning, transient neon burning, dredge-out, urca cooling, and other properties of an 11 M⊙ population I model star

被引:116
作者
Ritossa, C
García-Berro, E
Iben, I
机构
[1] Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis Aplicada, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain
[2] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[3] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[4] Univ Bologna, Dipartimento Astron, I-40100 Bologna, Italy
关键词
nuclear reactions; nucleosynthesis; abundances; stars : abundances; stars : evolution; stars : interiors; supergiants; supernovae : general;
D O I
10.1086/307017
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
A stellar model of mass 11 M. and Population I composition is evolved from the hydrogen-burning main sequence through the core carbon-burning phase. In contrast with 9, 10, and 10.5 M. models studied in earlier papers of this series, carbon burning is ignited at the center of the 11 M, model. Like the 10.5 M, model, the 11 M. model experiences a dredge-out episode at the end of the carbon-burning phase. At the beginning of this episode, a semiconvective zone forms at the base of the hydrogen-rich envelope and carries hydrogen inward in mass toward the outer edge of a fully convective zone that is sustained by helium burning at its base. Hydrogen diffuses into the helium-rich convective zone until a hydrogen shell flash occurs. Helium burning dies out and the outer edge of the convective layer, sustained by fluxes due to hydrogen burning, extends outward in mass through hydrogen-rich material, mixing freshly synthesized nuclei outward. Then, hydrogen burning dies out and the outer edge of the convective shell, now sustained primarily by fluxes due to the release of gravothermal energy, moves outward until it reaches the inner edge of the convective envelope. Freshly synthesized material is then convected to the surface. Mixing during the final phase of homogenization in the convective envelope is maintained by fluxes due to the release of gravothermal energy. At the end of the dredge-out phase, the surface nitrogen abundance has decreased and the C/N ratio has changed from less than unity to larger than unity, showing that mixing has extended into regions where helium burning has manufactured substantial quantities of C-12 and destroyed N-14. Prior to the dredge-out phase, neon burning is narrowly averted, and, after the dredge-out phase, neutrino losses due to electron capture and decay reactions between A = 25 and A = 23 isotopes in and above convective Urea shells cool the inner portions of the electron-degenerate oxygen-neon (ONe) core. Ultimately, the model becomes a thermally pulsing super-asymptotic giant branch (TPSAGB) star with an ONe core of mass similar to 1.368 M.. Hydrogen and helium burning over a period of similar to 1.4 x 10(4) yr of TPSAGB evolution add a carbon-oxygen layer of mass similar to 0.014 M. to the electron-degenerate core. Then, electron captures on products of carbon burning lead to the collapse of the core into a neutron star and expulsion of the envelope in a weak Type II supernova explosion. The ratio of helium to hydrogen in the ejecta is approximately twice solar.
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页码:381 / 397
页数:17
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