Resonant and nonresonant electron cyclotron heating at densities above the plasma cutoff by O-X-B mode conversion at the W7-As stellarator

The extension of the experimentally accessible plasma densities with electron cyclotron heating beyond the plasma cutoff density and the removal of the restriction to a resonant magnetic field, both via mode conversion heating from an O-wave to an X-wave and, finally, to an electron Bernstein (O-X-B) wave, was investigated and successfully demonstrated at the W7-AS stellarator. In addition to the heating effect, clear evidence for both mode conversion steps was detected for the first time.