Post-injury conditioning with lipopolysaccharide or lipooligosaccharide reduces inflammation in the brain

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and disability in the Western world. The first stage of TBI results from the mechanical damage from an impact or blast. A second stage occurs as an inflammatory response to the primary injury and presents an opportunity for clinical intervention. In this study, we investigated the effect of pre- and post-injury treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from Neisseria meningitidis on levels of cerebral inflammatory cells, circulating blood cells, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in a rat model of neuroinflammation induced by intrastriatal injection of IL-1 beta to mimic the second stage of TBI. Methods: LPS or LOS was administered intravenously (IV) or intranasally (IN) 2 h pre- or post-injection of IL-1 beta. The rats were euthanized 12 h following IL-1 beta injection. Brain sections were immunostained with antibody to ED-1, a microglia cell marker. Cells in whole blood were assessed with a VetScan HM2 analyzer, and cytokine levels in sera were analyzed with a Bio-Plex system. Results: Pre- and post-injury IV administration of LPS or LOS significantly reduced microglia in the brain, and IN pre-treatment with LPS or LOS showed a statistical trend towards reducing microglia. Pre- and post-treatment IV with LOS increased circulating levels of IL-2 and IL-4, whereas IN post-treatment with LPS reduced levels of the inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. Conclusions: The findings strongly support continued investigation of post-conditioning with LPS or LOS as potential neuroprotective treatments for neuroinflammation from TBI. Published by Elsevier B.V.