Fracture localization along faults with spatially varying friction

Opening-mode splay fractures have been observed within clusters near fault tips. The spatial distribution of splay fractures along faults influences fluid flow and lends insight into the mechanical processes of faulting. Slip gradients along faults produce stress concentrations which promote the development of opening-mode splay fractures along faults. Since the slip distribution depends on the distribution of frictional strength along faults, spatial variations in the frictional properties may influence fracture localization. Variations in friction coefficient along faults can reduce the stress singularities at fault tips and promote the development of multiple fractures inwards from the fault tips. The conditions that promote splay crack localization are examined using analytical and numerical fault models. Single splay fractures develop at locations of abrupt friction coefficient change and/or at fault tips when the friction coefficient near the tips is less than a critical value. Fault models with linearly increasing friction coefficient toward the fault tip promote the development of multiple splay fractures within broad zones near the tip.