Hemoglobin toxicity in experimental bacterial peritonitis is due to production of reactive oxygen species

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a toxic molecule responsible for the extreme lethality associated with experimental Escherichia coli peritonitis, but the mechanism has yet to be elucidated. Hb, but not globin, showed toxic effects in a live E. coli model but not in a model using killed E. coli. Methemoglobin, hematin, and the well-known Fenton reagents iran and iron-EDTA demonstrated the same lethal effect in E. coli peritonitis as Hb, while the addition of the Fenton inhibitors desferrioxamine (DF) and diethylenetriamine pentaacetate removed most of the cytotoxic activity of iron. Administration of a combined dose of superoxide dismutase and catalase minimized the action of Hb and iron-EDTA, suggesting that both O-2(.-) and H2O2 are involved in the toxic action of Hb in this rat model. The combination of the antioxidative enzymes and DF further suppressed iron-mediated lethality. An electron spin resonance technique with the spin-trapping reagent 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroline-N-oxide (DMPO) showed O-2(.-) generation in the peritoneal fluid of rats injected with E. coli alone or E. coli plus iron-DF, and . OH generation was detected in the peritoneal fluid of the rats injected with iron-EDTA. Bb did not show any spin adduct of oxygen radicals, suggesting that Hb produces non-spin-trapping radical ferryl ion, which decayed the spin adduct of DMPO. In the presence of Hb or iron-EDTA, O-2(-)-generating activity and viability of phagocytes decreased, whereas lipid peroxidation of peritoneal phagocytes increased. Generation of oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation did not differ in the live and dead bacterial models. Bacterial numbers in the peritoneal cavity and blood were markedly increased in the live bacterial model with Bb and iron-EDTA. The Fenton inhibitor iron-DF prevented the loss of phagocyte function, lipid peroxidation, and bacterial proliferation. These results led us to conclude that the lethal toxicity of Hb in bacterial peritonitis is associated with a Fenton-type reaction, the products of which decrease phagocyte viability, through the induction of lipid peroxidation, allowing bacterial proliferation and resulting in mortality.