Expansion cone for the 3-inch PMTs of the KM3NeT optical modules

被引：14

作者：

Adrian-Martinez, S. ^{[50
]}

Ageron, M. ^{[16
,17
]}

Aguilar, J. A. ^{[11
]}

Aharonian, F. ^{[24
]}

Aiello, S. ^{[13
]}

Albert, A. ^{[14
]}

Alexandri, M. ^{[34
]}

Ameli, F. ^{[4
]}

Anassontzis, E. G. ^{[26
,27
]}

Anghinolfi, M. ^{[26
,27
]}

Anton, G. ^{[12
]}

Anvar, S. ^{[6
]}

Ardid, M. ^{[50
]}

Jesus, A. Assis ^{[44
]}

Aubert, J. -J. ^{[9
]}

Bakker, R. ^{[45
]}

Ball, A. E. ^{[46
]}

Barbarino, G. ^{[30
,31
]}

Barbarito, E. ^{[18
,19
]}

Barbato, F. ^{[30
,31
]}

Baret, B. ^{[3
]}

de Bel, M. ^{[2
]}

Belias, A. ^{[14
,46
]}

Bellou, N. ^{[39
]}

Berbee, E. ^{[44
]}

Berkien, A. ^{[44
]}

Bersani, A. ^{[5
]}

Bertin, V. ^{[9
]}

Beurthey, S. ^{[9
]}

Biagi, S. ^{[20
,21
]}

Bigongiari, C. ^{[16
,17
]}

Bigourdan, B.

Billault, M. ^{[9
]}

de Boer, R. ^{[44
]}

Rookhuizen, H. Boer ^{[44
]}

Bonori, M. ^{[34
,35
]}

Borghini, M. ^{[8
]}

Bou-Cabo, M. ^{[50
]}

Bouhadef, B. ^{[32
,33
]}

Bourlis, G. ^{[15
]}

Bouwhuis, M. ^{[44
]}

Bradbury, S. ^{[41
]}

Brown, A. ^{[9
]}

Bruni, F. ^{[48
]}

Brunner, J. ^{[9
]}

Brunoldi, M. ^{[26
,27
]}

Busto, J. ^{[9
]}

Cacopardo, G. ^{[28
]}

Caillat, L. ^{[9
]}

Calvo Diaz-Aldagalan, D. ^{[16
,17
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland

[2] Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

[3] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, APC AstroParticule & Cosmol UMR 7164, CEA,Observ Paris, Paris, France

[4] Univ Athens, Athens, Greece

[5] Univ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

[6] CEA, IRFU, Ctr Saclay, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France

[7] LSCE IPSL, CEA CNRS UVSQ, F-91198 Gif Sur Yvette, France

[8] CNR ISMAR, Genoa, Italy

[9] Aix Marseille Univ, CPPM, CNRS, IN2P3, Marseille, France

[10] Univ Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus

[11] Dublin Inst Adv Studies, Dublin 4, Ireland

[12] Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, ECAP, Nurnberg, Germany

[13] Univ Haute Alsace, GRPHE, EA3438, Colmar, France

[14] Hellen Ctr Marine Res, Athens, Greece

[15] Hellen Open Univ, Patras, Greece

[16] CSIC, IFIC Inst Fis Corpuscular, Valencia, Spain

[17] Univ Valencia, Valencia, Spain

[18] INFN Sez Bari, Bari, Italy

[19] Univ Bari, Bari, Italy

[20] INFN Sez Bologna, Bologna, Italy

[21] Univ Bologna, Bologna, Italy

[22] INFN Sez Cagliari, Sassari, Italy

[23] Univ Sassari, I-07100 Sassari, Italy

[24] INFN Sez Catania, Catania, Italy

[25] Univ Catania, Catania, Italy

[26] INFN Sez Genova, Genoa, Italy

[27] Univ Genoa, Genoa, Italy

[28] INFN Lab Nazl Sud, Catania, Italy

[29] INFN Lab Nazl Frascati, Frascati, Italy

[30] INFN Sez Napoli, Naples, Italy

[31] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

[32] INFN Sez Pisa, Pisa, Italy

[33] Univ Pisa, Pisa, Italy

[34] INFN Sez Roma, Rome, Italy

[35] Univ Roma 1 La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

[36] Univ Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

[37] CNRS, IN2P3, Inst Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France

[38] Inst Space Sci, Magurele, Romania

[39] Univ Kiel, Kiel, Germany

[40] Univ Groningen, KVI, Groningen, Netherlands

[41] Univ Leeds, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England

[42] Univ Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England

[43] Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos, Athens, Greece

[44] NIKHEF H, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands

[45] Koninklijk Nederlands Inst Onderzoek Zee NIOZ, Texel, Netherlands

[46] NOA NESTOR, Pylos, Greece

[47] Univ Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, S Yorkshire, England

[48] Tecnomare, Venice, Italy

[49] Univ Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

[50] Univ Politecn Valenica, Inst Invest Gestio Integrada Zones Costanere, Gandia, Spain

来源：

JOURNAL OF INSTRUMENTATION | 2013年 / 8卷

关键词：

Optical detector readout concepts; Instrument optimisation; Cherenkov detectors; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics;

D O I：

10.1088/1748-0221/8/03/T03006

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

Detection of high-energy neutrinos from distant astrophysical sources will open a new window on the Universe. The detection principle exploits the measurement of Cherenkov light emitted by charged particles resulting from neutrino interactions in the matter containing the telescope. A novel multi-PMT digital optical module (DOM) was developed to contain 31 3-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). In order to maximize the detector sensitivity, each PMT will be surrounded by an expansion cone which collects photons that would otherwise miss the photocathode. Results for various angles of incidence with respect to the PMT surface indicate an increase in collection efficiency by 30% on average for angles up to 45 degrees with respect to the perpendicular. Ray-tracing calculations could reproduce the measurements, allowing to estimate an increase in the overall photocathode sensitivity, integrated over all angles of incidence, by 27% (for a single PMT). Prototype DOMs, being built by the KM3NeT consortium, will be equipped with these expansion cones.

引用

页数：20

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