Conformational changes in the A1 domain of von Willebrand factor modulating the interaction with platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha

The interaction between von Willebrand factor (vWF) Al domain and platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha occurs in the presence of high shear stress or when vWF becomes immobilized onto a surface but not appreciably in the normal circulation, To investigate the structural properties regulating Al domain function, we have used recombinant fragments prepared either in cyclic form with oxidized Cys(509)-Cys(695) disulfide bond or reduced and alkylated. Interaction with glycoprotein Ib alpha was assessed by testing inhibition of monoclonal antibody LJ-Ib1 binding to platelets and inhibition of shear-induced platelet aggregation mediated by native vWF. Fragments exposed to pH between 2.5 and 3.5 adopted the molten globule conformation with loosened tertiary structure intermediate between native and completely unordered state, Maximal receptor binding activity was observed when fragments kept at acidic pH, particularly after reduction of the Cys(509)-Cys(695) disulfide bond, were subjected to quick refolding by rapid pH increase, In contrast, slow refolding by incremental pH change over several hours resulted in at least 20-fold lower activity. A specific single point mutation (I546V) resulted in enhanced receptor binding, whereas another mutation (S561G) caused markedly reduced binding, These results provide experimental evidence that conformational transitions can modulate function of the VWF Al domain in solution.