Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1)/variant - A novel immunodeficiency syndrome characterized by dysfunctional beta(2) integrins

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) is characterized by the inability of leukocytes, in particular neutrophilic granulocytes, to emigrate from the bloodstream towards sites of inflammation, Infectious foci are nonpurulent and may eventually become necrotic because of abnormal wound healing, LAD-1 is characterized by the absence of the beta(2) integrins (CD11/CD18) on leukocytes. When expression is completely absent, patients often die within the first year, However, low levels of beta(2) expression may result in a milder clinical picture of recurrent infection, which offers a better prognosis. In this paper, we describe the in vivo and in vitro findings on a patient with clinical features of a mild LAD-1 disorder, i.e., suffering from bacterial infections without apparent pus formation in the presence of a striking granulocytosis, showing no delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction upon skin testing, no specific antibody generation, but normal in vitro T cell proliferation responses after immunization. Expression levels of CD11/CD18 proteins were completely normal, but leukocyte activation did not result in CD11/CD18 activation and high-avidity ligand-binding. In vitro chemotaxis and endothelial transmigration of the neutrophils as well as leukocyte aggregation responses were almost absent. On the other hand, beta(1) and beta(3) integrin-mediated adhesion functions were completely normal. During follow-up, a bleeding tendency related to decreased beta(3) activation became clinically apparent, different from previously described cellular adhesion molecule variants. Therefore, this is the first well-documented case of a clinical combined immunodeficiency syndrome that results from nonfunctional CD11/CD18 molecules, and thus designated LAD-1/variant.