On the origin, nature and uses of Antarctic ice-sheet radio-echo layering

Airborne radio-echo sounding (RES) data display layering within the Antarctic ice sheet. At ice depths below 1000 m these layers are caused by horizons of ice with relatively high acidity which were originally deposited on the ice surface after large volcanic events. Layering which is less than 1000 m from the ice surface can also be due to variation in ice density. Theoretically, therefore, internal RES layering below 1000 m should represent isochronous planes. This theory is upheld under examination of existing RES data where internal layers have been observed to follow the rules of superposition. For example, RES layers are deposited as discrete bands, fold and fault in a manner analogous to geological features, never cross over each other and, in an undisturbed deposit, have a depth-age relationship which means that the oldest layers are located at the lowest level. Moreover, the location of internal layering is independent of radiowave receiver altitude, the frequency of the radiowave does not affect layer depth, and the pulse width of the e/m wave does not affect identification of layers. Thus, RES reflects actual dielectric layering within the ice sheet. Glaciologists use RES layering for a number of reasons, including: (1) correlating ice cores; (2) as boundary conditions for numerical models to help determine the direction of ice flow; and (3) as a means of identifying the three-dimensional ice-sheet geometry and architecture.