Image analysis of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) cover

We examined whether image analysis could separate leafy spurge from other plant species and objects by comparing: image analysis to the ocular method of estimating cover. Image analysis was acceptably precise al low and medium cover levels. Image analysis was as repeatable as the ocular method at all sites and cover revels and acceptably reliable at low and medium cover levels but estimated cover lower by 12 to 22% than the ocular method at high cover levels. The average error levels of image analysis and the ocular method did not differ. Estimating leafy spurge cover with a 10% error required only 20 quadrats when image analysis was used, while twice as many quadrats were needed when cover was measured ocularly. Image analysis was recommended as a measurement tool because quantification was efficient, the equipment is inexpensive, and the color prints provide a permanent photo record of the study.