Assessing between-colony oxygen isotope variability in the coral Porites lobata at Clipperton Atoll

The eastern Pacific warm tongue is a region of stable and elevated sea surface temperature (SST) located just north of the equator in the eastern Pacific. This warm water mass is thought to influence the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the eastern Pacific and to directly influence climate in Central America. To assess the use of corals in the development of paleoclimatic reconstructions in this region, we have developed oxygen isotope (delta(18)O) time-series from multiple specimens of the massive coral Porites lobata collected at Clipperton Atoll (10 degrees 18'N, 109 degrees 13' W). Six near-monthly delta(18)O records from different sized (age) colonies where produced for the interval 1986-1994, and three of these were extended back to 1969. All corals sampled were found to contain numerous fish-grazing skeletal scars ( similar to 0.5 mm deep scallop shaped hiatuses). Samples collected at 1 mm intervals showed anomalous O-18/O-16 in the area of a bite scar, with 2 to 2.5 mm sampling intervals (10-12/year) minimizing these effects. Our results show that the average delta(18)O disequilibrium offset (vital effect) from equilibrium seawater composition for individual corals can vary by up to 0.4 parts per thousand,. However all delta(18)O results suggest that the vital effect offset is constant over time. Similar "offsets" are observed in the tops of old (age = similar to 100 y) and young (age = similar to 10 y) colonies, further suggesting that the biologically mediated vital effect offset does not change as a Porites colony ages. A 6-coral average composite delta(18)O record was constructed from 1985-1994 and a 3-coral average delta(18)O(anomaly) record was constructed from 1969-1994. Regression analysis between monthly SST and the 6 coral average delta(18)O records yields an r(2) correlation of 0.54 (individual r(2)-values ranged from 0.27-0.55). The 3 coral delta(18)O(anomaly) average record has an even lower correlation to SST, with an r(2) of 0.40. Potential causes of the only moderate correlation to SST are explored and we find that inferred salinity effects, fish grazing scars, and slight chronology imperfections have all contributed to a reduced correlation to SST. Nevertheless, all El Nino events in this time period appear to be recorded by coral skeletal delta(18)O.