Synchronized Ca2+ oscillations induced in Madin Darby canine kidney cells by bradykinin and thrombin but not by ATP

In an earlier report, we described synchronous Ca2+ oscillations in globally stimulated, subconfluent MDCK cells [Rottingen J-A., Enden T., Camerer E., Iversen J-G., Prydz H. Binding of human factor VIIa to tissue factor induces cytosolic Ca2+ signals in J82 cells, transfected COS-1 cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and in human endothelial cells induced to synthesize tissue factor, J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 4650-4660]. In order to elucidate the mechanisms behind these oscillations, we have analyzed the fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ in single, Fura-2 loaded, MDCK cells grown to subconfluence, after stimulation with bradykinin, thrombin and ATP. All three agonists gave rise to an initial Ca2+ spike followed by oscillations or transients, Both the initial and subsequent spikes appeared to be due mainly to release of Ca2+ from internal stores, since they remained after Ca2+ influx was impeded by either La3+ or by chelation of extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA. The secondary spikes were apparently synchronized when the cells were (permanently and globally) stimulated with bradykinin or thrombin, but each cell seemed to oscillate independently when stimulated in the same way with ATP. Synchronized secondary spikes arose with a constant frequency and amplitude, independent of agonist concentration in contrast to most Ca2+ oscillations observed. Pretreatment of the cells with octanol to block gap junctions, or with EGTA or La3+ to inhibit Ca2+ influx, abolished the synchronization induced by bradykinin or thrombin, We observed that in the MDCK cell layer there are some 'pacemaker' cells and hypothesize that these have a higher sensitivity for the agonists than their neighboring cells, From these pacemakers, an intercellular Ca2+ wave can be seen to spread to adjacent cells in the presence of intact gap junctions, thereby initiating concurrent transients in all cells, The Ca2+ wave is amplified by release from internal stores, probably owing to the bell-shaped Ca2+ activation curve of the IP3 receptor and by subsequent Ca2+ influx through Ca2+ release activated channels.