Spatial transfer of knowledge in high technology milieux: Learning versus collective learning processes

An analysis of the definitions provided so far in the literature shows ambiguities in the conceptualization of collective learning. A parallel analysis of the concepts of learning and collective learning is provided, and similarities and differences underlined. One of the main distinguishing features of collective learning is embedded in the element of 'club externality', while 'continuity' and 'dynamic synergies' are common properties of learning and collective learning. These reflections lead to some interesting empirical questions which are investigated in the empirical part of the paper. In particular, the empirical analysis addresses the questions: (1) is it true that collective learning is not the result of co-operative behaviour, but of a collective behaviour; and (2) is it true that collective learning is the way of achieving new creative resources for SMEs in local areas, and not other kinds of learning? The empirical analysis is based on three Italian high technology milieux. Descriptive and interpretative statistical methodologies are used in this part of the paper.