Crystallization by settling in suspensions of hard spheres

We examine crystallization by settling for two different model hard-sphere suspensions. Sedimentation velocities, internal shock velocities, and crystal growth velocities are measured. Dynamic light scattering experiments measure volume fraction profiles in fluid phases, while Bragg scattering experiments determine volume fraction profiles in crystal phases. Centrifugation experiments determine the particle Peclet number above which samples will not crystallize. The sedimentation velocities, as a function of volume fraction, agree with other "hard-sphere" data. Remarkably, the value of the reduced crystal growth velocity (similar to 0.075) obtains for two orders of magnitude of the particle Peclet number. Kynch theory provides an adequate description of the data in the fluid phase, but is less adequate for volume fraction profiles in the crystal phase. The crystals in the dense sediment are compressed more along a vertical axis relative to the horizontal axis. Predicted Wilson-Frenkel crystal growth velocities, calculated using known hard-sphere equations of state and a short-time self-diffusion constant, rationalize the measured crystal growth velocities.