The challenge to eliminate micronutrient malnutrition

Objective: This paper takes a public health approach to examine briefly: (i) the global magnitude and consequences of deficiencies of iodine, vitamin A and iron; (ii) the intervention options for addressing the deficiencies and associated critical issues; (iii) roles of the main 'players' involved; (iv) current programs and results. Method: Analysis of the literature, especially that coming from the UN agencies; distillation of experience from the recently completed OMNI Project, and involvement in relevant international meetings. Results: More than one in three individuals throughout the world are at risk of the health and development consequences of iron, vitamin A and/or iodine deficiencies. There has been a 40% decline in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency over the last 10 years. More than 60% of all salt is now fortified with iodine. Conclusions: Significant progress has been made, particularly with the iodine deficiency disorders and vitamin A deficiency. Little apparent progress has been made with iron deficiency anaemia. Implications: National governments, UN multilateral agencies, international consultative groups, bilateral agencies, global and national non-governmental organisations, and increasingly, the private sector need to work together in looking for innovative approaches, especially for iron, increasing awareness of the broader social and public health nutrition context, and supporting increased international funding.