Photoinhibition and recovery of the kelp Laminaria saccharina at optimal and superoptimal temperatures

Effects of high irradiance on photosynthetic characteristics were examined in sporophytes of the kelp Laminaria saccharina Lamour. from 1992 to 1994. Exposure to high irradiance (700 mu mol photons m(-2)s(-1)) for 1 h at optimal temperature (12 degrees C) caused a 40 to 60% decline in photosynthetic efficiency (alpha), quantum yield, and the ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F-v/F-m), an indicator of Photosystem II efficiency. Although the photoinhibition effects were partly attributable to protective mechanisms, a concurrent increase in minimal fluorescence (F-o) indicated damage to Photosystem II reaction centers. The magnitude of photoinhibition was proportional to irradiance and duration; however, F-v/F-m was significantly reduced after exposure to irradiances as low as 40 to 50 mu mol photons m(-2)s(-1) for 1 h, or to 700 mu mol photons m(-2)s(-1) for only 5 min. In contrast, photosynthetic capacity (P-max) was affected only at much higher irradiance. Superoptimal temperatures up to 24 degrees C did not exacerbate high-light effects. At 25 degrees C, however, alpha and P-max were more susceptible to photoinhibition than at lower temperatures. Recovery from photoinhibition was examined by following F-v/F-m and F-o for 24 h after exposure to high light. Recovery of F-v/F-m was fastest during the first 1 to 3 h, and slowed or ceased after 6 to 12 h, while recovery of F-o was relatively constant over 12 h. Dithiothreitol, which blocks formation of energy-dissipating xanthophylls, reduced both the initial rate and extent of recovery. Chloramphenicol, which blocks chloroplast-encoded protein synthesis, had little effect on initial rates of recovery, but stopped recovery after 3 h. Thus, L. saccharina appears to rely on the xanthophyll cycle to protect the photosynthetic apparatus, and reversal of this protective mechanism causes the rapid initial recovery in F-v/F-m. Longterm recovery depends on repair of damaged reaction centers. Both the rate and extent of recovery were temperature-dependent. The initial rate was higher at 18 to 22 degrees C than at 12 degrees C, but the extent of recovery over 24 h declined with increasing temperature. High temperatures, therefore, appear to enhance protective mechanisms, but disrupt repair processes. L. saccharina from Long Island Sound, an ecotype adapted to low light and high temperature, showed slightly but consistently greater effects of photoinhibition than plants from the Atlantic coast of Maine, but exhibited faster recovery at superoptimal temperatures.