Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea-field and laboratory observations

The seasonal vertical migration of adult Calanus hyperboreus Kroyer and their female reproductive biology have been studied in the central Greenland Sea, based on 7-month coverage during one annual cycle. Females dwelled in surface waters only between April and July. Gonad maturation began after the summer descent into deeper waters between September and October in the absence of food. Breeding was assessed from gonad development and egg production experiments. It started around the beginning of November and was mostly completed by March/April, before the spring ascent. The overwintering depth of females ranged from close to the surface to 3000 m, and mature females had a preference for shallower depths. Males were mostly found during the breeding period, where they inhabited the 500- to 1000-m layer. Female dry weight was highest in August and November and lowest in February. Field observations were supplemented by observations on gonad development and egg production of females, which were collected in June and August and kept in the laboratory for up to 6 months. Clutch size, spawning interval and fecundity were determined at 0 degrees C. Females collected in June were mature earlier. Due to their low dry weight, they developed only small gonads and very few of them spawned. Females from August were much fatter and produced up to 1000 eggs in several clutches deposited at regular intervals.