Spin-polarized muons in condensed matter physics

A positive muon is a spin-1/2 particle. Beams of muons with all their spills polarized can be prepared and subsequently implanted in various types of condensed matter. The subsequent precession and relaxation of their spins call then be used to investigate a variety of static and dynamic effects in a sample and hence to deduce properties concerning magnetism, superconductivity, and molecular dynamics. Though strictly a lepton, and behaving essentially like a heavy electron, it is convenient to think of a muon as a light proton, and it is often found with a captured electron in a hydrogen-like atom known as muonium. This article outlines the principles of various experimental techniques which involve implanted muons and describes some recent applications. The use of muons in condensed matter physics has shed new light oil subjects as diver se as passivation in semiconductors, frustrated spin systems, vortex lattice melting, and quantum diffusion of light particles.