Nox4 Knockout Does Not Prevent Diaphragm Atrophy, Contractile Dysfunction, or Mitochondrial Maladaptation in the Early Phase Post-Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Background/Aims: Diaphragm dysfunction with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurs within 72 hrs post-myocardial infarction (MI) in mice and may contribute to loss of inspiratory maximal pressure and endurance in patients. Methods: We used wild-type (WT) and whole-body Nox4 knockout (Nox4KO) mice to measure diaphragm bundle force in vitro with a force transducer, mitochondrial respiration in isolated fiber bundles with an O-2 sensor, mitochondrial ROS by fluorescence, mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein (immunoblot), and fiber size by histology 72 hrs post-MI. Results: MI decreased diaphragm fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) (similar to 15%, p = 0.015) and maximal specific force (10%, p = 0.005), and increased actin carbonylation (5-10%, p = 0.007) in both WT and Nox4KO. Interestingly, MI did not affect diaphragm mRNA abundance of MAFbx/atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 but Nox4KO decreased it by 20-50% (p < 0.01). Regarding the mitochondria, MI and Nox4KO decreased the protein abundance of citrate synthase and subunits of electron transport system (ETS) complexes and increased mitochondrial O-2 flux (JO(2)) and H2O2 emission (JH(2)O(2)) normalized to citrate synthase. Mitochondrial electron leak (JH(2)O(2)/JO(2)) in the presence of ADP was lower in Nox4KO and not changed by MI. Conclusion: Our study shows that the early phase post-MI causes diaphragm atrophy, contractile dysfunction, sarcomeric actin oxidation, and decreases citrate synthase and subunits of mitochondrial ETS complexes. These factors are potential causes of loss of inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in patients, which likely contribute to the pathophysiology in the early phase post-MI. Whole-body Nox4KO did not prevent the diaphragm abnormalities induced 72 hrs post-MI, suggesting that systemic pharmacological inhibition of Nox4 will not benefit patients in the early phase post-MI.