Clinical and sub-clinical vitamin A deficiency among rural pre-school children of Maharashtra, India

Background: Although a national vitamin A prophylaxis programme has been in operation for more than three decades, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) continues to be a major nutritional problem of public health significance in India. Aim: The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical VAD among rural pre-school children. Subjects and methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in rural areas of Maharashtra State during 2002-2003. A total of 8646 pre-school children were examined for the presence of signs and symptoms of VAD. A sub-sample (494) of them was used to estimate blood vitamin A levels. Results: The prevalence of Bitot's spots (1.3%) and night blindness (1.1%) was higher than the WHO cut-off levels used to define a public health problem, and it increased significantly (p0.001) with increase in age. The prevalence of Bitot's spots was 13 times higher among children belonging to the Scheduled Caste (OR=12.8), and 20 times higher among the children of labourers (OR=19.8). The prevalence of sub-clinical VAD (55%) was significantly (p0.001) high among the children with night blindness (100%) and Bitot's spots (89%). Conclusions: Increased vitamin A supplementation, health and nutrition education and consumption of vitamin A rich foods are essential to prevent VAD.