Size-based speciation of natural colloidal particles by flow field flow fractionation, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy/X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy: Colloids-trace element interaction

Flow field flow fractionation (FIFFF), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled to X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (X-EDS) are used in series for the first time to characterize colloids. Results demonstrate the utility of FIFFF-ICP-MS-TEM/X-EDS to relate physical properties (size) of colloids to their chemical properties (chemical composition, surface chemical composition, and colloids-trace elements association). Results suggest that the major part of natural organic matter (NOM) is concentrated in the fraction < 0.01 mu m (C2). Aluminum, iron, and manganese are the main colloidal components in the fraction 0.01-0.45 mu m (C1). Aluminum occurs as aluminum oxides or aluminosiliates in the whole size range, while iron and manganese occur as individual oxyhydroxides in the size range < 0.20 mu m. Within the C2 fraction, Al, Mn, Cu, and Ni elements are complexed to NOM (e.g., humic substances). Iron is complexed to NOM in some samples and probably free in other samples. Lead is totally free in all samples. Within the C1 fraction, Cu and Pb are mostly associated to Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. Consequently, NOM with Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides are the main colloidal carriers of trace elements in the Loire watershed system.