Betaine analogues alter homocysteine metabolism in rats

Glycine betaine supplementation lowers homocysteine levels in homocystinuria and in chronic renal failure patients through methylation catalysed by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glycine betaine analogues on homocysteine metabolism in Lewis rats. Glycine betaine, proline betaine, trigonelline, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) or dimethylthetin (1.5 mmoles) was subcutaneously administered to rats fed a low betaine diet. The effect of each betaine on total plasma homocysteine and urinary and plasma betaine concentrations was monitored for 24 h following administration. Baseline plasma homocysteine was 8.5 +/- 0.2 mumol/l (S.E.M., n = 44) and compared to controls concentrations decreased following glycine betaine (0.8 +/- 0.4 mumol/l, P = 0.064), DMSP (1.0 +/- 0.5 mumol/l, P = 0.041) and dimethylthetin (1.5 +/- 0.7 mumol/l, P = 0.033) treatment, while concentrations increased following proline betaine (2.2 +/- 0.7 mumol/l, P = 0.002) and trigonelline (1.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/l, P < 0.001) treatment. The effect of glycine betaine, DMSP and dimethylthetin on circulating homocysteine concentrations was thought to be mediated by BHMT in vivo. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that circulating glycine betaine concentrations increased following DMSP and dimethylthetin treatment. Proline betaine and trigonelline appeared to-be poor BHMT substrates, being largely excreted in the urine unchanged, yet increased circulating homocysteine levels. This suggests they are inhibitors of BHMT. Urinary excretion of glycine betaine increased following treatment with all betaines, suggesting that the resorption of glycine betaine in the kidney was inhibited. The study shows that glycine betaine analogues have multiple effects on homocysteine metabolism (250). (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.