Intervening in the shadow systems of organizations - Consulting from a complexity perspective

Suggests that consultants have tended to understand organizational systems in terms of organic metaphors of equilibrium adaptations between system and environment. Examines the implications of ideas from the study of complex adaptive systems that suggest that living systems co-evolve to far-from-equilibrium conditions, ''at the edge of chaos''. Takes this perspective for understanding the interactions occurring simultaneously in an organization's designed or formal network of relationships, and in its self-organizing or shadow networks. Provides illustrations from the author's consulting practice to suggest how such a perspective may inform OD intervention in organizational culture change.