Clay mineral sedimentation in high northern latitude deep-sea basins since the Middle Miocene (ODP Leg 151, NAAG)

High-resolution clay mineralogical investigations and their comparison with other sedimentological data from ODP Sites 908 and 909 (central Fram Strait) were used to reconstruct the paleoclimate and paleoceanography in the high northern latitudes since the Middle Miocene. Ice rafting has probably occurred since 15 Ma. The comparison of sand-sized components and clay mineral distribution demonstrate that both were not delivered by the same transport process. The input of the clay fraction is related to transport through sea ice and/or oceanic currents. A provenance change at 11.2 Ma is indicated by variations within clay mineral distribution and increased accumulation rates. This is interpreted as a result of an increase in water mass exchange through the Fram Strait. Decreases of the smectite to illite and chlorite ratio at Site 909 suggest a Middle Miocene cooling phase between 14.8 and 14.6 Ma, and a further cooling phase between 10 and 9 Ma. The intensification of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere is documented by an increase of illite and chlorite from 3.4 to 3.3 Ma, which is synchronous to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation as indicated by oxygen isotope data.