Signal transduction and protein kinases: The long way from the plasma membrane into the nucleus

All living cells must be able to receive information from the extracellular space and to react to it by processing and converting it into intracellular effects. If the properties of cells are to change in the long term, some signals must reach the nucleus in order to bring about changes in gene transcription. Three of the pathways, beginning with an extracellular signal and ending with the nucleus, serve to illustrate some principles of signal transduction such as signal conversion, signal cascade, cross-talk, and on/off switch. One element common to most of the pathways is the activation of protein kinases. One example of these kinases, the protein kinase C, is discussed as a vehicle of signal transport toward the nucleus and as a means of cross-talk between different signaling pathways.