Mechanical responses to two-tone distortion products in the apical and basal turns of the mammalian cochlea

Mechanical responses to one- and two-tone acoustic stimuli were recorded from the cochlear partition in the apical turn of the chinchilla cochlea, the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea, and the hook region of the guinea pig cochlea. The most sensitive or ''best'' frequencies (BFs) for the sites studied were similar to 500 Hz, 17 kHz, and 30 kHz, respectively. Responses to the cubic difference tone (CDT), 2F(1) - F-2 (where F-1 and F-2 are the frequencies of the primary stimuli),were characterized at each site. Responses to the quadratic difference tone (QDT), F-2 - F-1, were also characterized in the apical turn preparations (QDT responses were too small to measure in the basal cochlea). The observed responses to BF QDTs and CDTs and to BF CDTs at each site appeared similar in many ways; the relative magnitudes of the responses were highest at low-to-moderate sound pressure levels (SPLs), for example, and the absolute magnitudes grew nonmonotonically with increases in the level of either primary (L-1 or L-2) alone. The peak effective levels of the CDT and QDT responses were also similar, at around -20 dB re L-1 and/or L-2. In other respects, however, the responses to CDTs and QDTs and to BF CDTs at each site behaved quite differently. At low to-moderate SPLs, for example, most CDT phase leads decreased with increases in either L-1 or L-2, whereas most QDT phase leads increased with increasing L-1 and varied little with L-2. Most CDT responses also varied monotonically with equal-level primaries (i.e., when L-1 = L-2), whereas most QDT responses varied nonmonotonically. Different responses also varied in different ways when F-1 and F-2 were varied. Apical turn QDT responses were observed over a very wide F-1/F-2 range (F-1 = 1-12 kHz), but were usually largest for stimuli < 2-4 kHz. Apical turn CDT levels decreased (at rates of similar to 40-80 dB/octave) only when the frequency ratio F-2/F-1 increased beyond similar to 1.4-1.5. In the basal turn and hook regions, the CDT levels depended non-monotonically on F-2/F-1, with the eventual rates of decrease being similar to 200 dB/octave. Optimal frequency ratios for the CDT increased from (F-2 < 1.1 F-1) to (F-2 approximate to 1.2 F-1) with increasing SPL in the basal turn, but were stable at around F-2/F-1 approximate to 1.05 in the hook region. CDT phase leads tended to increase with increasing F-2/F-1 in all three regions of the cochlea, particularly at low-to-moderate SPLs. These findings are discussed in relation to previous studies of cochlear mechanics, physiology, and psychophysics.