On the intermediate and deep water flows in the South Atlantic Ocean

A multiparameter analysis is applied on zonal and meridional hydrographic sections obtained for the South Atlantic Ventilation Experiment (SAVE) to determine the spreading and mixing of water masses in the South Atlantic Ocean, focusing our interest on the large-scale flow of intermediate and deep waters. The method utilizes all information from the hydrographic data set including temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient fields. Mixing proportions are quantified and plotted along the eight sections considered. Results show no evidence of a primary route of Antarctic Intermediate Water along the western boundary of the South Atlantic. In the eastern basin the eastward extension of the Upper North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) in the Guinea Basin following the cyclonic subequatorial gyre is confirmed. In the Angola Basin a weak but thick NADW core layer is observed in conjunction with very little presence of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water (LCDW). High LCDW concentrations in Cape Basin are indicative of the communication of this basin to cold water sources in the south. The method is sensitive enough to detect for instance the presence of the Congo River Plume in the Angola Basin or the influence of the Weddell Sea Deep Water in the vicinity of the Romanche and Chain Fracture Zones in the equatorial region. In conjunction with the multiparameter analyses along SAVE sections, an analysis of components of the residual vector R indicates a middepth minimum in the R-N/P utilization ratio. Both a suitable explanation for the minimum and the potential consequences for the multiparameter analyses of South Atlantic water mass circulation are still to be found.