Tools to study β3-adrenoceptors

beta(3)-adrenoceptors mediate some of the effects of catecholamines on tissues such as blood vessels or the urinary bladder and are putative targets for the treatment of diseases such as the overactive bladder syndrome. Progress in the understanding of the presence, function, and regulation of beta(3)-adrenoceptors has been hampered by a lack of highly specific tools. "Classical" beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonists such as BRL 37,344 [(R*, R*)-(+/-)-4[2-[(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl) amino] propyl] phenoxyacetic acid] and CGP 12,177 [(+/-)-4-(3-t-butylamino-2-hydroxypropoxy)benzimidazol-2-one] are only partial agonists in many settings, have limited selectivity over other beta-adrenoceptor subtypes, and may additionally act on receptors other than beta-adrenoceptors. More efficacious and more selective agonists have been reported and, in some cases, are in clinical development but are not widely available for experimental studies. The widely used antagonist SR 59,230 [3-(2-ethylphenoxy)-1-[(1,S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapth-1-ylamino]-2S-2-propanoloxalate] is not selective for beta(3)-adrenoceptors, at least in humans, and may actually be a partial agonist. Radioligands, which are suitable either for the selective labeling of beta(3)-adrenoceptors or for the nonselective labeling of all beta-adrenoceptor subtypes, are also missing. beta(3)- and beta(1)/beta(2) double knockout mice have been reported, but their usefulness for extrapolations in humans is questionable based upon major differences between humans and rodents with regard to the ligand recognition and expression profiles of beta(3)-adrenoceptors. While the common availability of more selective agonists and antagonists at the beta(3)-adrenoceptor is urgently awaited, the limitations of the currently available tools need to be considered in studies of beta(3)-adrenoceptor for the time being.