Measurement uncertainty and traceability

Obtaining confidence in a measured value requires a quantitative statement of its quality, which in turn necessitates the evaluation of the uncertainty associated with the value. The basis for the value and the associated uncertainty is traceability of measurement, involving the relationship of relevant quantities to national or international standards through all unbroken chain of measurement comparisons. Each comparison involves calibration of a standard at one level ill the chain using a standard at a higher level. Global economy considerations mean that this basis also requires the national measurement institutes to carry out comparative assessment of the degree of equivalence of national standards through their participation ill key comparisons. The evaluation of uncertainty of measurement is founded on the use of models of measurement for each stage of the chain and at the highest level to interrelate national standards. Basic aspects of uncertainty evaluation are covered in this paper, and forms for the above types of model considered, with attention given to least squares as a basis for calibration curves (and certain other types of calibration) and also for key comparison data evaluation.