α-Synuclein Gene Rearrangements in Dominantly Inherited Parkinsonism Frequency, Phenotype, and Mechanisms

Objective: Genomic multiplications of the alpha-synuclein gene ( SNCA) cause autosomal dominant Parkinson disease ( ADPD). The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and phenotype of SNCA rearrangements in a large series of families with typical or atypical AD parkinsonism. Design: Patients were screened by the exon dosage of the SNCA gene. The genotype of patients and relatives carrying SNCA rearrangements, the size of the multiplied regions, and the centromeric and telomeric breakpoints were determined by microsatellite dosage and 250K Affymetrix Single Polymorphism Nucleotide microarrays ( Affymetrix, Santa Clara, California). Subjects: Index cases and, whenever appropriate, relatives of 286 mainly European families with ADPD were screened. Results: Four of 264 families (1.5%) with typical ADPD carried duplications and 1 of 22 families (4.5%) with atypical AD parkinsonism carried a triplication of SNCA. Geno-typing and dosage analyses showed that the multiplied regions were variable in size (0.42-5.29 megabase pairs), suggesting that SNCA multiplications occurred independently. Phenotype analyses showed that the severity of the disease correlated with the SNCA copy number, but not with the minimal number of multiplied genes ( 1 to 33). Haplotype analysis of polymorphic markers suggested that multiplication of the SNCA gene occurred by both interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangement. Conclusions: Our results suggest that SNCA rearrangements may be more frequent than point mutations in ADPD. Furthermore, our results indicate that the phenotype associated with SNCA multiplications correlates with the number of copies of the gene and provides the first insight into the mechanisms underlying SNCA multiplication.