This paper introduces a new parameter called the "normalized fouling rate" (NFR), which can be used to analyze data from pilot- and full-scale systems. Analyses of existing data using the NFR parameter have shown it to be a sensitive and reliable method for optimizing operating conditions during piloting and for assessing fouling in full-scale water and wastewater treatment plants. Equations for calculating a cleaning interval (CI) that is the time for a membrane to reach a critical permeability is also presented. The application of this technique is demonstrated with several examples.