Vitamin D3 supplementation modulates inflammatory responses from the muscle damage induced by high-intensity exercise in SD rats

Vitamin D is an important factor for calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. A negative relationship has been observed between vitamin D status and diseases such as cancer, arthritis, diabetes, and muscle fiber atrophy. However, the relationship between vitamin D and prevention of skeletal muscle damage has not been clearly elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D on exercise-induced muscle changes. Rats were divided into 3 groups: (I) sedentary control (C: n = 10), (2) high-intensity exercise (HE: n = 10), and (3) high-intensity exercise with vitamin D supplementation (HED: n = 10; i.p. 1000 IU/kg body weight). Rats were trained for 30 min/day on treadmills (5 days/week for 8 weeks) with the running speed gradually increased up to 30 m/min at a 3 degrees incline. At the end of the training period, the running speed was 38 m/min at a 5 degrees incline. The high-intensity exercise significantly increased plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. In addition, IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels as well as phosphorylation of AMPK, p38, ERK1/2, IKK, and I kappa B were significantly increased. Vitamin D-treated rats showed a significant decrease in plasma CK level, phosphorylation of AMPK, p38, ERK1/2, IKK, and ha, and gene expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Furthermore, the protein expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) was highly increased in the muscles of HED-treated rats, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that vitamin D may play a pivotal role in exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation through the modulation of MAPK and NF-kappa B involved with VDR. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.