Variation of NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 European study areas: Results from the ESCAPE study

被引：273

作者：

Cyrys, Josef ^{[1
,2
]}

Eeftens, Marloes ^{[3
]}

Heinrich, Joachim ^{[1
]}

Ampe, Christophe ^{[4
]}

Armengaud, Alexandre ^{[5
]}

Beelen, Rob ^{[3
]}

Bellander, Tom ^{[6
]}

Beregszaszi, Timea ^{[7
]}

Birk, Matthias ^{[1
]}

Cesaroni, Giulia ^{[8
]}

Cirach, Marta ^{[9
,10
,11
]}

de Hoogh, Kees ^{[12
]}

De Nazelle, Audrey ^{[9
,10
,11
]}

de Vocht, Frank

Declercq, Christophe ^{[14
]}

Dedele, Audrius ^{[15
]}

Dimakopoulou, Konstantina ^{[16
]}

Eriksen, Kirsten ^{[17
]}

Galassir, Claudia ^{[18
]}

Grauleviciene, Regina ^{[15
]}

Grivas, Georgios ^{[19
]}

Gruzieva, Olena ^{[6
]}

Gustafsson, Annika Hagenbjork ^{[20
]}

Hoffmann, Barbara ^{[21
,22
]}

Iakovides, Minas ^{[23
]}

Ineichen, Alex ^{[24
,25
]}

Kramer, Ursula ^{[21
]}

Lanki, Timo ^{[26
]}

Lozano, Patricia ^{[5
]}

Madsen, Christian ^{[27
]}

Meliefste, Kees ^{[3
]}

Modig, Lars ^{[20
]}

Moelter, Anna ^{[13
]}

Mosler, Gioia ^{[12
]}

Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark ^{[9
,10
,11
]}

Nonnemacher, Michael ^{[28
]}

Oldenwening, Marieke ^{[3
]}

Peters, Annette ^{[1
]}

Pontet, Sabrina ^{[29
]}

Probst-Hensch, Nicole ^{[24
,25
]}

Quass, Ulrich ^{[30
]}

Raaschou-Nielsen, Ole ^{[17
]}

Ranzi, Andrea ^{[31
]}

Sugiri, Dorothee ^{[21
]}

Stephanou, Euripides G. ^{[23
]}

Taimisto, Pekka ^{[26
]}

Tsai, Ming-Yi ^{[24
,25
,32
]}

Vaskovi, Eva ^{[7
]}

Villani, Simona ^{[33
]}

Wang, Meng ^{[3
]}

机构：

[1] Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Res Ctr Environm Hlth, Inst Epidemiol 2, Inst Epidemiol 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany

[2] Univ Augsburg, Ctr Environm Sci, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany

[3] Univ Utrecht, IRAS, Utrecht, Netherlands

[4] AIRPARIF, Paris, France

[5] Air Qual Observ Prov Alpes Cote Azur Reg, ATMO PACA, Marseille, France

[6] Karolinska Inst, Inst Environm Med, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden

[7] Natl Inst Environm Hlth, Dept Air Hyg, Budapest, Hungary

[8] Lazio Reg Hlth Serv, Dept Epidemiol, Rome, Italy

[9] Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona, Spain

[10] Hosp del Mar, Res Inst, IMIM, Barcelona, Spain

[11] CIBER Epidemiol Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona, Spain

[12] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, MRC HPA Ctr Environm & Hlth, London, England

[13] Univ Manchester, Ctr Occupat & Environm Hlth, Manchester, Lancs, England

[14] French Inst Publ Hlth Surveillance InVS, St Maurice, France

[15] Vytauto Didziojo Univ, Kaunas, Lithuania

[16] Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Sch Med, Dept Hyg Epidemiol & Med Stat, Athens, Greece

[17] Danish Canc Soc Res Ctr, Copenhagen, Denmark

[18] AOU San Giovanni Battista CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy

[19] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Chem Engn, GR-10682 Athens, Greece

[20] Umea Univ, Dept Publ Hlth & Clin Med Occupat & Environm Med, S-90187 Umea, Sweden

[21] Univ Dusseldorf, IUF Leibniz Res Inst Environm Med, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany

[22] Univ Dusseldorf, Fac Med, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany

[23] Univ Crete, Dept Chem, Environm Chem Proc Lab, Iraklion, Greece

[24] Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, Basel, Switzerland

[25] Univ Basel, Basel, Switzerland

[26] Natl Inst Hlth & Welf THL, Dept Environm Hlth, Kuopio, Finland

[27] Norwegian Inst Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Oslo, Norway

[28] Univ Duisburg Essen, Inst Med Informat Biometry & Epidemiol, Essen, Germany

[29] Air Rhane Alpes, Lyon, France

[30] IUTA Inst Energie & Umwelttech, Duisburg, Germany

[31] ARPA Emilia Romagna, Reg Reference Ctr Environm & Hlth, Modena, Italy

[32] Univ Washington, Dept Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

[33] Univ Pavia, Sect Biostat & Clin Epidemiol, Dept Publ Hlth Neurosc Expt & Forens Med, I-27100 Pavia, Italy

[34] Univ Med Ctr Utrecht, Julius Ctr Hlth Sci & Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands

来源：

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT | 2012年 / 62卷

关键词：

Air pollution; Long term; Traffic; Spatial variation; NOx; NO2; ESCAPE study; PARTICULATE AIR-POLLUTION; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; PARTICLE NUMBER; CARDIOPULMONARY MORTALITY; ULTRAFINE PARTICLES; SPATIAL VARIATION; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; FINE; EMISSIONS; ASTHMA;

D O I：

10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

The ESCAPE study (European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects) investigates long-term effects of exposure to air pollution on human health in Europe. This paper documents the spatial variation of measured NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within 36 ESCAPE study areas across Europe. In all study areas NO2 and NOx were measured using standardized methods between October 2008 and April 2011. On average, 41 sites were selected per study area, including regional and urban background as well as street sites. The measurements were conducted in three different seasons, using Ogawa badges. Average concentrations for each site were calculated after adjustment for temporal variation using data obtained from a routine monitor background site. Substantial spatial variability was found in NO2 and NOx concentrations between and within study areas; 40% of the overall NO2 variance was attributable to the variability between study areas and 60% to variability within study areas. The corresponding values for NOx were 30% and 70%. The within-area spatial variability was mostly determined by differences between street and urban background concentrations. The street/urban background concentration ratio for NO2 varied between 1.09 and 3.16 across areas. The highest median concentrations were observed in Southern Europe, the lowest in Northern Europe. In conclusion, we found significant contrasts in annual average NO2 and NOx concentrations between and especially within 36 study areas across Europe. Epidemiological long-term studies should therefore consider different approaches for better characterization of the intra-urban contrasts, either by increasing of the number of monitors or by modelling. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：374 / 390

页数：17

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