Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems

被引:1544
作者
Crain, Caitlin Mullan [1 ,2 ]
Kroeker, Kristy [3 ]
Halpern, Benjamin S. [4 ]
机构
[1] Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
[2] Ctr Ocean Hlth, Nat Conservancy Global Marine Initiat, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
[3] Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
[4] Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
关键词
Antagonisms; cumulative stressors; cumulative threat models; ecosystem-based management; interactions; synergisms; threat-analysis;
D O I
10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x
中图分类号
Q14 [生态学(生物生态学)];
学科分类号
071012 ; 0713 ;
摘要
Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26%), synergistic (36%), and antagonistic (38%). The overall interaction effect across all studies was synergistic, but interaction type varied by response level (community: antagonistic, population: synergistic), trophic level (autotrophs: antagonistic, heterotrophs: synergistic), and specific stressor pair (seven pairs additive, three pairs each synergistic and antagonistic). Addition of a third stressor changed interaction effects significantly in two-thirds of all cases and doubled the number of synergistic interactions. Given that most studies were performed in laboratories where stressor effects can be carefully isolated, these three-stressor results suggest that synergies may be quite common in nature where more than two stressors almost always coexist. While significant gaps exist in multiple stressor research, our results suggest an immediate need to account for stressor interactions in ecological studies and conservation planning.
引用
收藏
页码:1304 / 1315
页数:12
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