Morphological and pharmacological evidence for neuropeptide Y-Galanin interaction in the rat hypothalamus

Galanin (GAL) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been shown to play important roles in the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion, as well as ingestive and sexual behaviors, by acting within the hypothalamus. While the mechanism of action of these regulatory peptides is under intensive investigation, less attention has been paid to the possible interaction between them in influencing these central regulatory processes. Because NPY and GAL augment pituitary gonadotropin release, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the nature of morphological and functional relationships between these excitatory hypothalamic peptidergic systems. Double immunolabeling for NPY and GAL was carried out on vibratome sections taken from the hypothalamus of colchicine-pretreated female rats. Avidin-biotin peroxidase technique and a dark blue diaminobenzidine reaction was used to visualize NPY profiles, while the GAL neurons were labeled with a light brown diaminobenzidine reaction using either the avidin-biotin peroxidase or the peroxidase antiperoxidase technique. Light microscopic examination of the immunostained material showed that in the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, anterior hypothalamus, and medial preoptic area, an abundant network of NPY-immunoreactive axone surrounded GAL-immunostained cells. Numerous dark blue NPY-containing putative boutons were observed in close proximity to GAL-immunolabeled cell bodies and dendrites. Correlated light and electron microscopic examination revealed that most of the immunoreactive NPY axon terminals established synaptic connections with GAL-expressing cells. Synaptic connections were most frequently found in the medial preoptic area and in the magnocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus. Fewer connections were observed in the supraoptic nucleus. These morphological observations demonstrate the existence of a strong NPY input to hypothalamic GAL neurons, thereby suggesting a modulatory role for NPY in monitoring GAL release. To evaluate the functional relevance of this anatomical relationship, the effects of intraventricular injection of a GAL receptor antagonist, galantide, were examined on NPY-induced LH release in ovarian steroid-primed ovariectomized rats. As expected, intraventricular injection of NPY readily stimulated LH release. Although, while on its own, galantide was ineffective in altering basal LH release, it markedly attenuated the NPY-induced LH response, thereby suggesting that GAL released in response to NPY administration may, in part, mediate the excitatory effects of NPY. These experimental results, taken together with the morphological observations, document the involvement of an NPY --> GAL signaling modality in the release of gonadotropins and, likewise, raise the possibility of a similar signaling process in the release of other pituitary hormones and elicitation of behavioral effects attributed to NPY and GAL.