Why is there an early spring cooling shift downstream of the Tibetan Plateau?

The temperature shift over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau is examined using the last 50 yr of Chinese surface station observations. It was found that a strong cooling shift occurs in early spring ( March and April) and late summer ( July, August, and September) in contrast to the warming shift in other seasons. The cause of the March-April ( MA) cooling is investigated in this study. The MA cooling shift on the lee side of the Tibetan Plateau is found to be not a local phenomenon, but rather it is associated with an eastward extension of a cooling signal originating from North Africa that is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation ( NAO) in the previous winter. The midtropospheric westerlies over the North Atlantic and North Africa tend to intensify during positive NAO phases. The enhanced westerlies, after passing over the Tibetan Plateau, result in strengthened ascending motion against the lee side of the plateau, which favors the formation of midlevel stratiform clouds. The increased amount of stratus clouds induces a negative net cloud - radiative forcing, which thereby cools the surface air and triggers a positive cloud - temperature feedback. In this way, the cooling signal from the upstream could "jump" over the Tibetan Plateau and leave a footprint on its lee side. The continental stratiform cloud - climate feedback plays a significant role in the amplification of the cooling shift downstream of the Tibetan Plateau.