Hepatic tumors: Predisposing factors for complications of transcatheter oily chemoembolization

PURPOSE: To elucidate major complications and their predisposing factors intranscatheter oily chemoembolization (TOCE) for hepatic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study of 351 patients (aged 26-82 years) with hepatic tumors, TOCE was performed 942 times with an emulsion of iodized oil (3-40 mt) and doxorubicin hydrochloride (20-60 mg). In 126 patients, TOCE was followed by absorbable gelatin sponge embolization. RESULTS: Complications were severe postembolization syndrome (n = 53); hepatic insufficiency(n = 20), infarction (n = 1), or abscess (n = 1); intrahepatic biloma formation (n = 3); tumor rupture (n = 3); septicemia (n = 9); coagulopathy (n = 1); gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 10); gallbladder (n = 5) or splenic infarction (n = 4); pulmonary oil embolism (n = 6); and spinal cord injury (n = 1). Important predisposing factors were major portal vein obstruction, compromised hepatic functional reserve, biliary obstruction, previous biliary surgery, excessive amount (>20 mt) of iodized oil hepatic arterial occlusion after repeated TOCE, and nonselective embolization. CONCLUSION: Most patients with major complications after TOCE had preexisting risk factors.