Factors that control the tissue-specific transcription of the gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-C

Transcription of the gene for PEPCK-C occurs in a number of mammalian tissues, with highest expression occurring in the liver, kidney cortex, and white and brown adipose tissue. Several hormones and other factors, including glucagon, epinephrine, insulin, glucocorticoids and metabolic acidosis, control this process in three responsive tissues, liver, adipose tissue, and kidney cortex. Expression of the gene in these three tissues in regulated in a different manner, responding to the specific physiological role of the tissue. The PEPCK-C gene promoter has been extensively studied and a number of regulatory regions identified that bind key transcription factors and render the gene responsive to hormonal and dietary stimuli. This review will focus on the control of transcription for the gene, with special emphasis on our current understanding of the transcription factors that are involved in the response of PEPCK-C gene in specific tissues. We have also reviewed the biological function of PEPCK-C in each of the tissues discussed in this review, in order to place the control of PEPCK-C gene transcription in the appropriate physiological context. Because of its extraordinary importance in mammalian metabolism and its broad pattern of tissue-specific expression, the PEPCK-C gene has become a model for studying the biological basis of the control of gene transcription.