Characteristics of Type 1 diabetes of over 50 years duration (the Golden Years Cohort)

Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with high levels of premature morbidity and mortality. Prolonged survival is possible, however, and some patients appear to be protected from the long-term complications of this condition. Methods Diabetes UK awards medals to patients who have had Type 1 diabetes for 50 years or more. By examining medal-holders, we have established the clinical and biochemical features of a group of 400 subjects (54% male) with Type 1 diabetes of long duration. Results Mean age of the subjects was 68.9 years and mean age-at-onset of diabetes 13.7 years. Features of long duration diabetes in this cohort include normal body mass (mean BMI 25.0 kg m(-2)), low insulin dose (mean 0.52 units kg(-2)) and greatly elevated HDL-cholesterol (mean 1.84 mmol/l). Mean HbA(1c) was 7.6% (normal range 3.8 - 5.0%) and no patient had a normal HbA(1c) at the time of venesection. As a group, they have long-lived parents and consume moderate amounts of alcohol. Medical contact has often been sporadic. A significant proportion (29%) were taking anti-hypertensive medication. Screening for micro- and macroalbuminuria was positive in 35.7%. Conclusions Patients with long-duration (> 50 years) Type 1 diabetes are relatively protected from clinical diabetic nephropathy and large vessel disease; our data are consistent with protection possibly being genetically determined in part via elevated HDL-cholesterol levels. An abnormal urinary albumin/ creatinine ratio is common in these patients, despite their low risk of significant renal deterioration; this may have implications for microalbuminuria screening programmes.