Upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngeal function and oropharyngeal (transfer) dysphagia

Normal transfer of food through the pharynx during swallowing requires coordinated activity of the muscular structures of the tongue, pharynx, larynx, and upper esophageal sphincter. This activity is modulated by the V, VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves through the swallowing center in the medulla. Oropharyngeal (transfer) dysphagia can be caused by a variety of neural, muscular, or local anatomic lesions. Diagnosis is best accomplished by barium videoradiography and solid-state manometry of swallowing. A multidisciplinary therapeutic approach can be very helpful in rehabilitation of these patients.