The 22q11.2 deletion: From diversity to a single gene theory

The 22q11 deletion syndromes are a group of conditions in which a characteristic spectrum of congenital cardiac defects may be associated with a wide range of noncardiological congenital anomalies. These syndromes are all linked by a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 22. Although it is a large deletion, containing many genes, recent advances have led to the belief that the etiology of the diverse abnormalities of these syndromes may be a single gene deletion. This review outlines the historical development of the various "22q deletion syndromes," including the DiGeorge, velocardiofacial, Takao, Cayler, and CATCH-22 syndromes, briefly describes the relevant cardiac embryogenesis, and then explains how a single gene deletion may encompass the full phenotypic spectrum.