ERβ: recent understanding of estrogen signaling

The discovery of a second estrogen receptor, ER beta, and the finding that 5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol (3 beta Adiol) strongly binds to ER beta, have opened up a new aspect of estrogen signaling. Some of the major shifts in our understanding come from finding ER beta in tissues which do not express ER alpha but are estrogen-responsive; these were called sites of 'indirect estrogen action'. Two key sites that fall into this category are the brain and the prostate. Studies of ER beta in the past 10 years have led us to hypothesize that estrogen signaling depends on the balance between ER alpha and ER beta, and that inadequate predominance of one or the other isoform could lead to disease.